How the Post Office Sniffs Out Anthrax Before It Hits Your Mailbox

Development of the Biological Detection System began in 2002 when the USPS outlined the basic functions such a system would need, based on the agency's consultations with Joint Projects Office (JPO) and the SBCCOM (US Army Soldier Biological Chemical Command). No existing system was capable of what the USPS needed, so the postal service set about developing one that did. Or at least Northrop Grumman did, in coordination Smiths Detection. Northrop adapted aspects of more than 20 systems already in use by the US military for biological warfare tests to the specific needs of the USPS. The US Army Research Institute of Infectious Disease (USARIID) Navy Medical Research Center, NIST, Dept of Agriculture, and John Hopkins University all helped vet the system's performance before its initial test run in a Baltimore-area mail processing center in late 2002.

As mail travels through the Advanced Facer Caneler System, it travels under a small hood that draws in ambient air, transmitting it to an aerosol collector in the BDS cabinet. This collector concentrates the suspect particles in a sterile water solution and then automatically transfers it, along with a reagent to the PCR (polymerase chain reaction) unit. The PCR duplicates the biological sample's DNA and compares the result against a known sequences of Anthrax. If the test returns positive, the site controller is notified and the offending mail can be recovered for further inspection All this takes less than an hour and is performed on-site.

Since entering service in 2003, more than a thousand BSD units have been installed in mail centers around the country.
As of 2009, the BSDs had screened screened tens of billions of packages and completed a total of eight million tests—all without a false positive. That's an impressive figure, even if Anthrax is no longer the most fashionable pathogen.

How the Post Office Sniffs Out Anthrax Before It Hits Your Mailbox:

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FEDS: Start Stockpiling Anthrax Antibiotic Now

State and local health officials should consider stockpiling antibiotics, including in workplaces and possibly in homes, to prepare for a "possible large-scale anthrax attack," the National Academy of Sciences' institute of medicine, says in a new report.

The federal government has plenty of anti-anthrax antibiotics in its strategic national stockpile, Robert Bass, a Maryland public health official who chaired the Committee on Prepositioned Medical Countermeasures for the Public, says in a Sept. 30 news release. "The issue is not whether inventory is adequate but how to get the medication into people's hands soon enough to be effective. Because needs and capabilities vary across the country, state and local governments will have to examine which strategies would work best for them should an attack occur."

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Local and state authorities should work with the federal government "to assess the benefits and costs of strategies" to pre-position the drugs where people would have quick access, the report says.

"Although plans for rapidly delivering [medical countermeasures] to a large number of people following an anthrax attack have been enhanced over the last decade, many public health authorities and policy experts fear that the nation's current systems and plans are insufficient to respond to the most challenging scenarios, such as a very large-scale anthrax attack," according to a report description on the website of the National Academies Press, which published the report.

Antibiotics are most effective if taken before anthrax symptoms occur, likely four days or longer, according to the report. Current plans call for delivering antibiotics after an attack from state stockpiles or the national stockpile maintained by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Local stockpiles would complement the state and federal stockpiles, and help get medicine to large populations within 48 hours "of a decision to dispense."

Home and workplace stockpiles are recommended for "areas that are at higher risk for an attack and have limited dispensing capability through the current [points of distribution] system," although doing so will add to costs and make plans difficult to change, the report says.

The report also recommends pre-dispensing antibiotics to small groups such as first responders and health-care workers, or people who can't travel to dispensing locations because of medical conditions. It recommends bringing private organizations "with relevant expertise" into the fold to help distribute antibiotics in the event of an attack, according to the news release.

The report was sponsored by the Health and Human Services Department. An early, uncorrected copy is available for $44.10, but the report can be read section-by-section for free online.

For more:
- read the press release
- read the report brief
- buy the report
- view the project website

Related Articles: Lieberman, former senators urge nation to prepare for bioterror attack
DHS and HHS can better coordinate preparation for CBRN attacks

Read more: Feds urge state and local stockpiling of anti-anthrax antibiotics - FierceHomelandSecurity http://www.fiercehomelandsecurity.com/story/feds-urge-state-and-local-stockpiling-anti-anthrax-antibiotics/2011-10-03?utm_campaign=Email-Share&utm_medium=Email&utm_source=forward#ixzz1ZqHhmm8M

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Now Showing: Movies From Your Brain

Study subjects were shown movie trailers (left), and neuroscientists were able to reconstruct them (right) using brain activity data and a library of random YouTube clips.Click to enlarge this image. 
Jack Gallant

 "Neuroscientists reconstructed blurry videos from brain scanning machine readings of people watching movie trailers." ~ Discovery News

What if scientists could peer inside your brain and then reconstruct what you were thinking, playing the images back like a video?

Science and technology are not even remotely at that point yet, but a new study from the University of California Berkeley marks a significant, if blurry, step in that direction.

"Using our particular modeling framework, we can actually infer very fast dynamic events that happen in the brain," said Jack Gallant, a neuroscience professor at the University of California Berkeley who worked on the study, which was published today in the journal Current Biology.

Mind-Reading Tech Predicts Terrorist's Intentions

To try and read the brain, the scientists had people watch compilations of clips from Hollywood movie trailers while staying still inside a functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging machine, better known as fMRI. The machine took scans as the subjects watched the compilation 10 times, totaling around two hours.

VIDEO: MIND-CONTROLLED ROBOT OPERATES ON HUMAN BRAINWAVES

Part of the challenge is that while an individual neuron can fire hundreds of times a second, fMRI machines can only provide snapshots of those neural events. Despite those imperfect snapshots, the scientists were able to translate them into videos using a computer model with a special reconstruction algorithm.

Since they didn't have access to all possible images that could be playing inside subjects' brains, the scientists approximated it be generating a database of 18 million seconds of random video clips -- as they would be seen in the brain.

Then they used their custom algorithm, which Gallant compares to a dictionary, to "read" the brain scans taken during the Hollywood clip viewing. Ultimately they were able to reconstruct videos of what was seen using the closest moving images from the random library

Contributing sources:

http://news.discovery.com/tech/mind-reading-movie-clips-110922.html

http://news.discovery.com/tech/zooms/mind-reading-movie-clips-110922.html

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Testing Anthrax Vaccine on our children

Washington Business Journal reports that Emergent derives the bulk of its revenue from federal public health agencies.

“Emergent proudly supports the U.S. government’s efforts and unwavering commitment to meet its stated need of 75 million doses of anthrax vaccines,” said Fuad El-Hibri, chairman and chief executive officer of Emergent BioSolutions. “This contract is an indication that BioThrax remains a critical component of the government’s arsenal of biodefense medical countermeasures. In addition to this contract modification, we are continuing discussions with the U.S. government regarding a follow-on procurement contract, which we anticipate will cover a multi-year period.”

Emergent Biosolutions also secured a $186.6 million contract for a recombinant protein antigen to combat anthrax and a $28.7 million contract for a third-generation vaccine.

So, how did Emergent secure such profitable US government contracts for anthrax vaccine?

The answer is described by Scot Lilly in “Getting Rich on Uncle Sucker: Should the Federal Government  Strengthen Efforts to Fight Profiteering?”

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